Fatih Sultan Mehmet (1432 - 1481)

Fatih Sultan Mehmet (1432 - 1481)

Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror was born March 29 1432'de Edirne. His father, Murad II, mother Huma Hatun. Fatih Sultan Mehmed, tall, chubby-cheeked, curly-nosed, well muscled and powerful monarch. Ulemalarından knew one of the greatest of his age, and seven foreign languages. Scholars, poets and artists are often very fond of balls and chatting with them. Unfamiliar topics and articles about interesting prints and incelerdi them. Tutor who was also Akşemseddin, Fatih Sultan Mehmed II is one of the most valued by scholars. Fatih Sultan Mehmed, very calm and brave. A unique and idareciydi commander. Even the most related to the relatives will never say anything. Mehmed II was very fond of reading. He would read philosophical works have been translated into Farsi and Arabic. Re Ptolemy Map you have done this in 1466, the map names in the Arabic script to be written. Scientific issues, regardless of what scholars of religion and protects them belonging to sect yazdırırdı works. Attaching great importance to science in Istanbul, Fatih Sultan Mehmed getirtirdi great scholars in foreign countries. Indeed, his period of Astronomy Kuscu scholar Ali arrived in Istanbul. Built his own picture of the famous painter Bellini also invited to Istanbul. Görüşlüydü poet and open. Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror reigned until 1481 and joined the campaign in person 25. Perseverance and the owner will. Implementing the decisions of the cautious and definitely had a personality. State administration is very hard. Would be very brave in war, soldiers thrown forward to the fight would have to avoid defeat.

SECTIONS

The Conquest of Istanbul
The conquest of the Crimea and Black Sea
War Otlukbeli
Seas Status
Conqueror of Human Rights Ahidnamesi
Administrative Regulations
The 20-year-old Sultan of the Ottoman sultan Mehmed conquered Istanbul in 1100 received the title of Conqueror, eliminating the annual Eastern Roman Empire. Prophet Mohammed (PBUH) hadith heralds sheriff also manages to be a great commander realized the conquest of Istanbul by Fatih Sultan Mehmed, high-skill and ingenuity, a Turkish ruler to accept the power of friends and enemies. Close of the Middle Ages, early modern times that Cihan Emperor Fatih Sultan Mehmed, Maltepe, died on May 3, 1481 because of gout, and was buried in the tomb Fatih Fatih Mosque, next to.


Conquest of Istanbul by Fatih Sultan Mehmed the sultan, as a first job after graduating, continuous uprising against which sailed Karamanoğlu emirates. Ibrahim Bey amnesty Karamanoğlu wished. Forgave him for the conquest of Istanbul, Fatih thought. Fatih Sultan Mehmed, to accomplish the goal of a large, Hungarians, Serbs, and the soft acted against the Byzantines. Aims to prevent the unification of the Crusaders, and when not to incite them to win. Who had come to the end of the thousand-year history of the Byzantine city of Istanbul within the borders of inlets inlets only a government which ruled the state had fallen. Nonetheless, the existence of the Byzantine Empire, was dangerous in terms of Turkish domination in the Balkans. Byzantine emperors, the various political forces in Anatolia against the Ottoman inciting kalmıyorlardı back. Even among the princes of the Ottoman throne, fights occasionally foiling the internal organization of the state mixing. Under the domination of the Ottoman Empire into Istanbul, the commercial and cultural terms and the seizure of more meant a significant advantage. Literally be under control of the Straits, and thus, would have seized the Black Sea trade routes. Addressing the issue of Karamanoğulları Fatih Sultan Mehmed, started preparations for the conquest of Istanbul. Musluhiddin engineers of that period, the Ottomans, who took refuge with the Hungarian Urban Saruca Sekban the business of casting cannon was commissioned in Edirne. "Falcon" these balls are called, as well as the production of wheeled towers and overclocking cannonballs (mortars) were among the preparations. Played an important role in the conquest of Istanbul, was commissioned to collect. Anatolian fortress built during the siege of Istanbul in front of Bayezid, Rumeli Fortress (Boğazkesen) was constructed. In this way, control of the Straits will be provided, would have taken measures against aid by sea could. A fleet consisting of 400 pieces were built. Turhan Bey, an Ottoman fleet commanded Mora'ya aid has been sent and arrive in Istanbul was denied. Wallachia and Serbia, with its renewed peace treaties. A treaty was signed three years of the Hungarians. These preparations against the Ottomans, the Byzantines did not stop it blank. The walls and the city food depolanıyordu sağlamlaştırılıyor. In addition, the Byzantine Emperor Constantine, the Golden Horn, a chain stretching, avoid danger, tried to come here. At the same time being asked to help the Crusaders from the world, will help in the face of the Pope wanted to combine Catholic and Orthodox churches. However, the Orthodox Greeks who hate Catholics, the Roman church does not want to connect, "Cardinal Cone seeing it in Istanbul, Turkey to see his turban razıyız" they said. Fatih Sultan Mehmed, after the completion of preparations, the Byzantine Emperor Constantine sent an envoy, asked to be delivered to the city without bloodshed. But the Emperor on the battle-ready message, the Ottoman army from the front of the land walls of Istanbul, 6 April 1453, the siege began. In front of the entrance to the Golden Horn, and anchored in the Seraglio of the Ottoman navy. Army, center, right and left divided into three parts. On April 19, the first attack, this attack is used, and the Topkapi walls of the zodiacal wheel towers yanaşıldı up. 150 000 to 200,000 Ottoman Army was among the number of er. These forces also participated in several forces due to the Rumeli and Anatolian rulers. Very severe fighting going on, damaged portions of the walls protecting the city of Byzantium were repaired immediately. Venetian and Genoese were in the navy to help the Byzantines. Fatih Sultan Mehmed, and therefore can not be used enough during the siege of the Ottoman navy was thinking prolongation of the siege. Istanbul's Golden Horn side of the walls was known to be weak. Therefore this region germişti Byzantine chain. Some of the Byzantine navy vessels per high dipping stone cannon but definite reduction in the Golden Horn, the Navy needed a part. Fatih Sultan Mehmed, to facilitate the conquest of Istanbul was an important decision. Pulling some of the Golden Horn, the Ottoman navy ships indirilecekti land. A route from the coast up to the front of Arsenal Kasımpaşa'ya placed on the slides. The vessels to kaydırılabilmesi on sleds, Galata Cenevizlilerinden olive oil, plain bearings lubricated by taking oil and lard. 67 on the night of April 21 to 22 (or 72) reduced to parts ship the Golden Horn, the corrected path. Balls belonging to the Turkish Navy in the Golden Horn, the walls began to beat. Serious collision took place. The next day the war ball, arrow, rifle shots, digging sewers, great walls and towers of war, attacks continued moving. Long duration of the siege and reached certain success has created concern among the soldiers. However, regardless of Constantinople determined to take whatever the logic, the Fatih Sultan Mehmed, including commanders and scholars held a meeting. After an encouraging speech, on May 29 announced its decision on the general attack be done. Collisions are not possible during the closure of the breaches in the walls that protect Byzantium began to open. Penetrations into the walls is small, but püskürtülüyordu back. For the first time they managed to hold on at the expense of Ulubatli Hasan and his friends being killed in the walls of Istanbul, is now direnemiyordu. 53-day and April 19, May 6, May 12 and 29 May 1125 the four great years after the attack, the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, Istanbul was conquered on Tuesday May 29, 1453. The conquest of Istanbul, has brought very important results. Fatih Sultan Mehmed, after the conquest of Istanbul in the west to consolidate sovereignty, to expand the boundaries of Islam, the most remote places in order to disrupt the unity of Christian Europe on the spread and organized many expeditions. Serbia (1454.1459), Mora (1460), Wallachia (1462), Moldavia (1476), Bosnia-Herzegovina, Albania, Venice (1463-1479), Italy (1480) and Hungary expeditions of the Ottoman Empire consolidated its dominance in Europe. Completely eliminated the Kingdom of Serbia became the Ottoman banner, Mora completely conquered, the Ottoman province of Wallachia was made, again in Bosnia was under Ottoman rule, Albania was seized. Venice at the end of the Ottoman-Venetian Sea Wars 16 years agreed to sign peace. During the voyage to Italy which is a very important center for Rome's conquest of Otranto, on the death of Sultan Mehmed II conquered back, but lost.



CONQUEST Crimea and Black Sea Fatih Sultan Mehmed, Black wanted to be fluent in both languages. Against the slave trade in the Islamic world, they avoid the Venetian and Genoese, who plays a pivotal role in the transport of commercial goods from Istanbul to conquer the Crimean coast of the Black Sea in order to become a Turkish lake moving the Conqueror, conquered Amasra work began in 1459. Candarogullan 1460'da principality was ended. Trabzon in 1461, the conquest of the Crimea in the Black Sea 1475'de became a Turkish lake. Thus ended the rule of the Genoese and the Silk Road Karedeniz'deki all control passed to the Ottoman Empire.



Another had fallen to the sons of Abraham, died 1464'te Otlukbeli Karamanoğlu WAR. Karamanoğlu Akkoyunlu Ishak Bey clan had the help of Uzun Hasan, ruler. Then another son, Pir Ahmed Sultan Mehmed Bey asked for help, and thanks to help from the conquered principality. But after a while, go to the Venetians anlaşınca Pir Ahmed Bey, Mehmed tempered this situation, Karaman decided to organize an expedition. Connected to the Ottoman Empire based in Konya and Karaman. Karaman people migrated to Istanbul and been moved to various places. Akkoyunlu ruler Uzun Hasan Pir Ahmed Bey took refuge fled. Tween Akkoyunlu State opening of the Ottomans led to this event. Expanding in Europe and Anatolia, the territory of the Ottomans, Akkoyunlus State Eastern Anatolia, the Caucasus, Iran and Iraq had established dominance over. Extends the boundaries of a great war between the two Turkish state was inevitable. August 11 1473'de Otlukbeli the battle area, to the techniques and tools of war with the strongest period of the Ottoman army, which was established long-Hasan, a strong army of cavalry dispersed a few hours. Themselves after the war than this one toparlayamadılar Akkoyunlus. Fatih Sultan Mehmed, was prevented in this way the danger of Akkoyunlu. Edit so many times in Anatolia and Rumelia had won many victories. Nevertheless, a strong state in the south which is a hot war but avoided Mameluke experiencing problems.



The conquest of Istanbul, the Ottomans had dominated the trade routes of the calm sea. However, the effectiveness of the seas continued to Venice and Cenevizliler'in. Fatih ensure the safety of trade routes and to get rid of the pirates on the Aegean islands have exacerbated the politics. Organized expeditions on the Aegean islands. New shipyards and the ships were built. Could not get çıkıldıysa expedition to Rhodes.



ADMINISTRATIVE ARRANGEMENTS Fatih Sultan Mehmed, the classic sense, be considered the founder of the Ottoman state administration. After the conquest of Istanbul itself, the Kaiser-i Rum (Eastern Roman Emperor), and state agencies have placed ads. Written traditions of the said Act Kanunnamesi Fatih Atam-grandfather made it, and it was called Kanunname-i Ali Osman. Sadrazamlara the administration of the Court, leaving the work began to follow behind the cage, said the deputy grand vizier of the absolute equipped with wide powers. In addition, Treasurer, duties of military judges and other senior state officials have been described. Janissary army to 10,000 by subtracting the importance of a strong central army, the lords of the end when the reduced form, so that the central government consolidated. As the ruler of the most powerful state in Anatolia and Rumelia "Han" for the first time he kullamıştır title. Timely disposal of the land after the conquest of Istanbul Bayezid recycled, new places and even conquered Thrace and the Black Sea coast. The conquest of the Crimea and the Black Sea has been converted into a Turkish lake, Belgrade Turkish presence in Anatolia and Rumelia extended to complete unity. Istanbul, Fatih time has become a scientific and cultural center, Fatih madrasas formed the basis of the classical Ottoman madrasas. Poets and scientists in Istanbul, which has become a center of attraction for the whole Islamic world has come to scholars.



HUMAN RIGHTS AHİDNAMESİ Conqueror
Fatih Sultan Mehmed, the Ottoman conquest of Bosnia as a result of state policy has serbestiyest religious people of the region. Latin priests here, the Fatih Sultan Mehmed II 883 (1478) edict, dated in the image of "Order of the Sultan Mehmed I Han'ım-i Humayun is that the upper and lower layer be known in the following way by all the people that this edict of the priests carrying the Bosnian there condescendingly said the following matters: no one in question by the priests and the churches will not be uncomfortable olunmayıp obstacle. both of them and fleeing emn ü ihtiyatsızca my hometown and get duranlara that fearlessly come to our country and the churches of calm yerleşsinler matter, neither I nor my people by what ever vezirlerim incitmeyecektir mix them in any way, no one. themselves, the bells, property, churches and people outside the heavens and the earth will bring to our country for the right yaratna Allah, Prophet Muhammad Mustafa (SAW) to the right, for the right to Mushaf seven hundred and twenty four thousand prophets, and to the right with the most severe for the sword kuşandığım swear, I swear that the above-mentioned issues as long as the priests were obedient to my commands my service and will not be opposed by anyone. " As shown in the image of this edict in the lives of minorities continued in an atmosphere of complete freedom.