turkiya The rise of the Ottoman Empire Period

The rise of the Ottoman Empire Period

ASCENSION TERM
The Conquest of Istanbul: II. Mehmet, the second time on the death of his father sat enthroned, a ser island in the middle of the state to eliminate the first case the target itself as Byzantium remained dilapidated. Thus, the Ottoman state into a world full gelebilecekti state. Signed an agreement with Serbia and Wallachia order to make the first Conqueror, even if only temporarily eliminate the danger was Karamanoglu. To avoid the possible help of the Byzantines can be reached at the European side of Bosphorus Rumeli Hisar'ini siege by having finished preparations. Finally, April 6 1453, land and sea attack against besieged Istanbul started. II. Mehmet, Edirne, Istanbul surlarini land döktürdügü cannons shook the strongest of the Navy on April 18 was taking hold of all the islands of Istanbul. However, due to switch off the Golden Horn, a chain of land and sea forces in a joint military operation, the shadow pass, and this drastically reduced the success of the blockade. Downloading of the Ottoman navy on April 22 as the Golden Horn, and finally land a rare realization of the plan, to change the course of the siege had begun. Eighty-track the fleet at a time to resist the power of Byzantium who interrelations now broken. Istanbul's conquest of the final action in May 29, 1453, II. Mehmet, the good news of the Prophet is honored and "conquer-i Mübin" and "Conqueror" of ediyordu.Bizans get the honor of both the elimination of both the Turkish history has a great importance in terms of world history. The conquest of Ottoman Empire, now a full state of a world that has become the Islamic world and in Europe has gained great prestige and power. Immediately to the conquest of the European Opens and Immediately off a fetihtir. Europe, the Catholic, Orthodox WORLD integration efforts, strength in the conquest of Istanbul, but also completely take over the Balkans by the Conqueror, a short time was under Orthodox auspices. Indeed, Pope V.Nikola 's many fans could not find the idea of ​​taking action against the Turks, on the contrary, the Aegean islands, people celebrate because of the conquest of the Balkans, some of the Conquest of Istanbul despotluklar and princes have written letters. The Pope s request only in Germany, Naples and Venice, but they also responded positively, rather than themselves Serbs, Albanians, Hungarians, and attempted to incite the results.

Conqueror of Western Policies: Flights Serbia, after the Ottoman conquest of Istanbul, and some captured the fortresses of loyalty back stating that the Serbs engaged in cooperation with the Hungarians again began to show hostility. This time, Serbia was held on the concatenated three times between 1454-1457. All Serbian lands were seized outside of Belgrade. King of the struggle of the Serbian throne, beginning the death benefit Bronkoviç'in Ottomans, Serbs tied to tax. On re-exacerbation of dynastic struggles, Mora Conqueror in time, ordered an end to the Serbian question. Mahmut Pasa, in 1459 by seizing the capitals of Smederevo Sancakbeyligini Smederovo created. Thus was started in Serbia's 350 years of Ottoman domination.

Flights to Albania, the papacy and the kingdom of Naples, mobilize support and the instigation of the master of the Albanian Skanderbeg, vurkaç Raids regulated the tactics and the Ottoman forces. Thereupon the Conqueror, decided to organize an expedition in person. I.seferde took place in 1465, built and Ilbasan castle, that put soldiers into the Conqueror, Balaban Pasha for the region, by delegating back. However, it received from the Pope and other forces attacking the Turks, Skanderbeg, Balaban Ilbasan Pasa's death and he laid siege to the castle. Then Fatih II. Albania output expedition (1467). Created the new garrisons in the captured territories. At this time, and his son Jean had died, Skanderbeg. Fatih 3 due to turmoil in Albania started Albania has launched a campaign once. Which has remained in the hands of Albanians besieged Kroya and Shkoder. Finally, in 1479 Albania was becoming an Ottoman province.

Flights Mora; Istanbul after the conquest of the Byzantine Emperor XII. Constantine's sons, the family against the competition Kantakuzen Morea, they wanted help for the Ottomans. Turahanoglu Omer Bey, the raiders were disposed of with the state intervened and dissidents. But this time the fight between the two brothers had begun. Conqueror who invaded Morea 1458 acted intentions of countries in the region. Korent'i Conqueror seized, a portion of Mora center, connecting a banner where created. In other areas of Athens and agreed to the Ottoman administration. His brother Dimitrios break the pact with the Ottomans against the Albanians on the support of the 2.kez Mora'ya field expeditions were carried out Tomas. Tomas, next to the pope was forced to flee. Turks placed a large number of the region. People in region against the Ottomans, the Venetians were trying ayaklandirmaya. In this he not win success in Venice, was defeated by Ottoman forces (1465).

Navigation of Wallachia and Moldavia; Yildirim time of the Principality of Wallachia tax per connected by Fatih Vlad (Vlad the Impaler), brought (1456). Vlad Vlad was actually secretly visible hostility to the Ottomans at the stake, put the murder of the ambassadors on the Conquest the Conqueror in 1462, an expedition Eflâk'a. The Ottoman forces also help Bogdan'dan the Impaler was followed by a long period of time. As a result, shelter Hungarians, Ottomans to capture Vlad on his deal with the issue is solved. Wallachia is a province of the Ottoman conqueror, and became voyvodaliga brought Radul'u. Bogdan who knew from the Ottoman sovereignty after the conquest of the Principality of 1455'ten Kefe'nin hostile policy pursued by the Ottoman forces entered 1476'da Bogdan'a. Bogdan personally at the beginning of the Conquest that the Ottoman forces defeated a large army. Thus, the re-Bogdan was recognized Ottoman sovereignty.

Navigation of Bosnia-Herzegovina, the Ottomans through the tax which is due to the king of Bosnia, Skopje over the failure to comply with agreements into action the Conqueror, and the Grand Vizier Mahmut Pasa Bey Turahanoglu Umar ordered the conquest of Bosnia completely. King of the Ottoman rule in Bosnia in 1463 service this re-recognized. However, the fetvasiyla seyhülislamin provinces in Bosnia and then killed, and was created in these lands. But on the army to return to Istanbul the same year, the Hungarian king came to Bosnia. Service this second time, the Ottomans, Yayçe outside again seized all the forts and Cities. Stefan King of Bosnia and Herzegovina during voyages in the country on condition that the direct connection of a person under the Ottomans, the soil had been removed. In 1483 the Ottoman territories, however, become completely gelecektir.Fatih Herzegovina, Bosnia's Ottoman Empire annexed the "Bogomil" Madhhab Bosnians had behaved very well. Both the Catholic and Orthodox churches to get the prints they make their own hot Bogomils Ottoman rule, therefore, looked at the influence of the freedom of religion and conscience, and provided them with time had become a Muslim. It is for these Muslim Bosnians "Bosniaks" is called.

Hungarians are the most powerful neighbor and rival of the Ottomans during the reign of Fatih on land, at sea and was in Venice. The Hungarians knew they could not push the Ottomans on their own during this period, the eye did not receive a direct war, Conqueror, of course, did not think the nerve to cross the Danube. However, through AKINCILAR, Hungary, to ensure security, organized hundreds of successful invasion. The Republic of Venice as well as other states, provoking the Ottomans in the Balkans karsilasmaktansa YEG was attacked directly. Peloponnese and the Aegean islands of Venice who wants to have a strong freezes, Ottomans did not get the result it in the face, but in many islands and coastal forts captured by the Ottomans.

The Conquest of the Aegean islands, who conquered Istanbul Fatih, all lands under the rule of the Byzantines wanted to incorporate both. Thus, as can prevent resurgence of Byzantium, economic and political influence also genisletebilecekti field. First of all, aimed at Fatih Anatolian islands near the coast, Byzantine, Venetian and Genoese pirates in the hands FLOWS made these islands the way to Anatolia going to be a cut. Second, we targeted the Central and Eastern Mediterranean islands, these islands, the passage of ancient Rome that Italy would help the Conquest. (Indeed, under the command of Gedik Ahmet Pasha conquered Otranto, in the hands of the Ottoman navy, and the Southern kingdom of Naples, Italy AKINLAR organized. (1480), but the bass after the death of the Conqueror. II, Gedik Ahmet Pasha back to heel, again captured the fortress city of the helpless and the Italians) .1456 in the islands of Imbros primarily dominated by the Dardanelles (Imbros) Thassos Enos and Semendirek islands were seized. The same dates, the Ottomans had applied to enter the Turkish rule, the people of Lemnos and Lesbos. First, Lemnos, then, after a long siege of Mytilene (1467) were seized. Peloponnese and the Aegean island of Venetians 264 years the islands were holding Agriboz yogunlastirmaktaydilar attacks against Turkish troops. Who decided to conquer in order to avoid this Agriboz'un Ottomans achieved their goal of eventually after a siege of 17 days. Zanta despotunun in the hands of Epirus, the islands of Kefalonia and the Conqueror's reign as Ayamavra were included in the last times of the Ottoman Empire. But St. Knights of Rhodes in the hands of a few siege against Jean have remained inconclusive.

Conqueror East Policy: Black Sea Policy, Ottomans, despite the fact that control over a large part of Anatolia in the north, where some of Trabzon on the Black Sea Greeks, in the hands of the Genoese and Candarogullarinin. Anatolian Turkish conquest of the unification of the regions was essential for the safety and trade. It is for these reasons, land and sea forces mobilized Conqueror. Amasra in the hands of the Genoese in 1461 was forced to surrender with a significant base. Ismail Bey, who thinks it done Candaroglu campaign against him, Sinop and Kastamonu were abandoned. Fatih reinforcing troops returned to Bursa, Trabzon out on time, including Sinop Candarogullarinin lands seized without battle. Main purpose of the Conquest on the Latins in 1204, to occupy Istanbul Trabzon Byzantine dynasty belonging Komnenlerin was a separate government-produced. Tribute to the Ottomans, who accepted the Conquest of Trabzon on the one hand who rivals the Greeks had come into alliance with Uzun Hasan. Finally, the Conqueror, sending ground troops to Trabzon, Sinop, stood on a fleet headed for the region. The Ottoman Army in the meantime that could be a long case against Hassan Fatih, the army turned Yassiçemen'e south of Sivas. Hassan's mother, Sara Hatun Akkoyunlu State Long An agreement was made at the request. According to the Agreement Akkoyunlus, Trabzon Greeks have promised not to help. Following the Agreement, was besieged by land and sea, Trabzon again. In despair, the city of Trabzon, Judge David Komnen agreed to surrender (October 26, 1461). Thus, a thing of the past 258 years has been the ongoing Trabzon Greek Empire.

The next objective of the Conqueror completely dominated the Black Sea coast of Anatolia, an important trading ports eliminating the Genoese colonies on the Black Sea to a Turkish lake was full.

Platter of Gedik Ahmet Pasha, commander of the navy in 1475, captured the castles of Azov and the pier and Menkup. Thus, Ottomans, the weakening of the Khanate of Timour was occurring adjacent to the Crimean Khanate. As a result of the decrease in the fortress of Azov along with some of the Genoese had been captured in the Crimean khans Mengli Giray Khan. Mengli Giray Khan was ruled by Ottoman Empire Crimean Khanate was the introduction of Istanbul. (1478). Ottomans during the Crimean inn 350 years of service to West as the most powerful allies vermislerdir.Anadolu 'Union of the Turks true; Ottomans Karamanoğulları state rivals the most serious since the time of founding, against the policies of the Conquest, Akkoyunlu and Mameluk states, such as the support of the benefits of, an alliance of the Venetians objection had not seen forming. This hostile attitude on the Conqueror in 1466 decided to walk on Karamanoğulları. Although a large part of the territories to pass into the hands of the Ottomans principality in Fatih, the struggle against Karamanoğulları taken Larende and Silifke regions, also lasted after Otlukbeli War. But November, after the death of Karaman Bey (1483) will be removed from there to completely banal. Akkoyunlu Uzun Hasan Bey, in 1467 when the Ottomans against the dominance of Karakoyunlu have started to expand its territory. Conqueror of Anatolia on the danger that unity, 1473'te acted. The Ottomans made their first major victory in the war Otlukbeli locality. Now I had ceased to be a threat to the Ottomans Akkoyunlus.

Repair of water, whether Hejaz yolllarinin Fatih then passed as an excuse to mobilize against Memlûklar'a. However, a great war Memlûklarla not entered during this period. The remaining half, and the death of Mehmet the Conqueror in his expedition preparation or Rhodes in 1481, or Egypt, is said to be oriented.

Bayezid had passed to the Ottoman throne on the death of the Conqueror's eldest son. But the other son, Crown Prince Cem, resulting in a decrease in the hands of Knights of St John, had come the struggle for the throne. Bayezid due to hesitant and cautious policy, which replaces Akkoyunlus Sahkulu rebellion in Anatolia, such as strengthening Safavi Riots instigated, organized expeditions failed against the Mamluks. Nevertheless during the Kili and Akkerman Bayezid, Ottoman Empire was ruled entirely by seizing Bogdan (1484), Venice and established supremacy at sea against the Crusaders, Modo, choir, and Navarino Inebahtı forts and harbors, such as the shores of Mora was captured (1502).

Despite the negative developments, particularly in the east sea, and triumphs of Barbarossa brothers Sahkulu Rebellion (1511), government jobs health of his hand between the princes, the throne of Bayezid, has been instrumental in the struggle escalated. Indeed, the struggle was won Prince Selim II in 1512. Bayezid etmistir abdication.

Yavuz Sultan Selim, yet the governor of Trabzon, which is growing stronger while the East of Safavid and how to fight with them into a successful Selim, after going on board, Anatolia, to put an end to the sectarian struggle saw Safavilerle directly enter the war inevitable. Finally, at the beginning of military expedition Selim East, Shah Ismail's army in the plain of Caldiran did a great battle. The struggle of the two Turkish Sultan Selim superior output (23 August 1514). East Anatolian lands passed into the hands of the Ottomans. Yavuz, Shah Ismail was followed up in Tabriz. Dulkadirogullari principality was annexed to the Ottoman administration was granted, and then (1515) Her father is often unsuccessful expeditions against the Mamluks Match In the period, the Ottomans to establish superiority in the East and the Islamic world, was the biggest obstacle. For this reason, after having disposed of the danger of Safavid Yavuz, is made by a great army against the Mamluks. Gavri Kansu Mamluk sultan of Egypt, welcomed the Ottoman army north of Aleppo. Mercidabik War ended, however, the victory of the Ottomans (24 August 1516). Gavri Kansu died during the war. The Sinai peninsula was conquered by the Ottomans until the land Malatya. Yavuz person who in Damascus, headed back to Egypt. Ridaniye located north of the Mamluk sultan of Cairo to the New Tomanbay won the war with the Ottomans also. (January 22, 1517). This war was the end of the Mamluk Empire. Syria, Palestine, Egypt and the Hijaz Ottoman rule entry. Taken under the protection of the institution of the caliphate Baghdad Hulagu Mamluk invasion was past, so the Ottomans. Indeed, the Sharif of Mecca key to the city by offering obedience reported by Yavuz Sultan Selim. Yavuz period, the Ottomans became a major power in the East and the Islamic world is shaped.

After eight years of Yavuz Sultan Selim, the transfer of sovereignty to the Ottoman throne was his son I.Süleyman (1520). I.Süleyman of the Ottoman Empire during the reign of 46 years of political, military and economic perspectives reached its peak. For this reason, her friend and foe Magnificent, Outstanding, Grand Turk and date addressed to nicknames such as the history.

Developments in Europe, the statutory period, particularly in Europe, there are important religious and political changes. After a strong entry into the Hungarian kingdom of Ottoman rule, the most serious rival of the Holy Roman-Germanic Emperor Sarlken that has become his empire formed by extension of the border has been the case in Austria Arsidükaligi Ottomans. This is the most powerful state in Europe with nearly parselleyeceklerdir Avrupa'yi Dynasty Habsburgs who will. Protestantism began to strengthen in this period, Europe was caused by aggravation of the sectarian violence. Poland and Orthodox Russia was getting strong in Eastern Europe. Legal, political and religious conflicts in Europe, taking advantage, and it tried to preserve their birlesmemesine has become a state policy. During this period, a strong commercial and economic fleet in the Mediterranean and the oceans that make up the Spanish and Portuguese navies of Venice seemed to have been replaced.

The Conquest of Belgrade and Hungary Campaign; Conqueror handled at a time step taken in Serbia, Belgrade was the jumping-off point into Europe for AKINLAR will be done. For this reason, the Magnificent, it left the first expedition to Hungary, besieged and captured Belgrade (1521). Ottomans can easily be used as a base here now and into Europe yapabilecekti time. Indeed, the French king prisoner Sarlken'e Fransuva'yi, upon the request of his assistance, which aims to recover the Magnificent, in 1526 an expedition to Hungary again in order to break across the alliance. 29 August 1526 Battle of the Hungarian armies destroyed Mohaç legal, Budin (Budapest) seized. Kingdom of Hungary, Transylvania and creating a part was annexed to the Ottoman rule was granted, and the remaining part.

Expeditions Austria, Hungary, on the seizure, suggesting that the Austrian Archduke Ferdinand died akrabaligini with the Hungarian king, and claimed that the rights of Hungarian territories occupied Budin. Thereupon the Magnificent, expedition to Hungary again. Budin RESCUED. However, the noble purposes of Süleyman the Magnificent was in Vienna. Also succeeded to take over the Ottoman army surrounded the city did not work (1529). Encouraged by the remains inconclusive siege I.Viyana Ferdinand, Budin again occupied. Legal famous "German expedition" by the response received back the occupied territories. An agreement was made with Ferdinand in Istanbul. According to this agreement, Ferdinand, will not claim on Hungary and the Ottoman domination of the Ottomans to recognize and lands belonging to Hungary, the tax would have held. (1533).

Ferdinand knowingly break the pact on the Hungarian legal re death of the king sailed for opportunity. Was created as a result, this time in Hungary, Transylvania 1562'deki Beylerbeyligi. Raped on occasion and each time the Austrians in the Hungarian territory Osmanlilardan have taken the necessary response. Indeed, Suleiman the Magnificent in the last expedition was against Austria, and is surrounded by Szigetvar Castle (1566)

Relations with France, and the first capitulation; Europe who want to ensure the unity of the Roman-Germanic Sarlken Emperor, King of France Fransuva'yi for this purpose which was previously captured. Legal wanting to help him establish good relations with the king was thus gained an ally against Sarlken'e. Trade and friendship treaty was signed in 1535 between the two countries. Agreement will have the right to free trade with both countries and their rights would be valid as long as the two rulers lived. These trade concessions: but go down in history under the name of the capitulation was made permanent, the next state and other states began to execute his men in basiretsizligi concessions due to the recognition of unilaterally increasing the Ottoman economy has come to depend on outside.

Iranla Relations, Shah Ismail and Tahmasp I.Sah substitute son, like his father, who was an enemy of the Ottomans did not see no harm in forming an alliance with Venice and Austria.

The Ottoman army expedition to Europe it left the Safavids, was passing attack to Eastern Anatolia. For this reason, the Magnificent, Gifts (two in Iraq, but Iraq Iraq-i-i Persian and Arabic) in a campaign known as the military expedition (1534-35). Tabriz and Baghdad were annexed. On occasion been interested in benefiting from the European re-mobilize the Ottomans crossed the Safavids, the region of Nakhichevan and Tabriz till 1555 have been scheduled several times over. To demonstrate more of a presence in the face of Shah Tahmasp Ottomans finally sign a peace treaty, and had to accept the Treaty of Amasya (1555) by accepting the rule of the Ottoman Baghdad, Tabriz, and affirmed that the Eastern Anatolia under Ottoman rule.

Marine Expeditions and Conquests; statutory period provided for by a superiority on land, as in a period of great seas. Could not get the Conqueror, in the hands of the Knights of St.John and the surrounding islands of Rhodes, was seized at the end of a successful siege (1522), II. Freely operating in the Mediterranean since the time of Bayezid Barbarossa brothers taking civil service in many places the sea and coastal areas has been included in the Ottoman rule. Holding on behalf of Algeria and the Ottomans, Istanbul Jews from Spain in 1492 suffered Kirima family has a high reputation were the ships which transport Barbarossa brothers. Algeria in 1533, leaving the Ottomans, who accepted the task of the captain-i deryalik Barbarossa Pasha (AO), was commanded by Andrea Doria in 1538 a large naval fleet defeated Preveze'de, Ottomans were accepted by the whole world that the sole master of the Mediterranean.

Instead of continuing the conquests after the death of Turgut Reis Barbaros etti.Nitekim St. It was conquered by the Knights of Tripoli in the hands of Jean (1551), the greatest naval victory Preveze'de deemed Crusader Navy once again at the end of the War debacle, tatmistir Djerba. Not only in the Mediterranean to the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean has been found operating in the Ottoman navy. Desired results is not as distant seas southern coast of Arabia with Yemen and Ethiopia in this period were seized.

Death of Suleiman the Magnificent and later; Szigetvar statutory sick during the siege of the castle at the age of 66 died before seeing the conquest (1566). Political, military and economic aspects of the Ottoman Empire last great monarch who are doing what the peak II. Selim (1566-1574) nor the III. Murat (1574-1595) were not the same person evsafta. However, the extremely violent winds of conquest that started during the reign of the Magnificent, during the reign of these rulers continue to able to assert their speed. Indisputably, these successes have an important role in the grand vizier Sokullu Mehmet Pasha shrewd politics. Overlooking the Mediterranean Sea coast of Anatolia, a person that looks like a boil in this conquest of Cyprus in the hands of Venice besieged by wind. Candidate for the Ottoman fleet under the command of Lala Mustafa Pasa captured proof (1571), here the Turks of Anatolia were placed in various sancaklarindan. Now the Turks had been in Cyprus. Who disliked this state of Venice, the Spanish, the pope and some other European states Malta navies into action with the support of a large fleet of war formed. Near the Gulf of Corinth, made in front of Inebahtı Ottomans lost the sea battle (1571).

However, rather than the losses themselves, because it was not in a position to follow the Crusader Navy Ottoman galleys. Sokullu renovate and re-Mediterranean fleet sent down as soon as possible. This situation could not afford a new war in the face of Venice and the Ottomans agreed to tax. Kilic Ali Pasha, commander of the Ottoman navy re-annexed Tunis (1574). In the meantime, instead of Selim II and III died. Murat had passed. This reign of Sultan, Shah Tahmasp's death was opened çalkanan war against Iran (1576) that eventuates in the capture of an important part of Georgia and Azerbaijan after the war, the first expedition lasted 15 years. This is a long war between the Ottoman Empire and Iran do not want to waste away with more of a peace agreement was signed in 1590. During this period, continued until the period beginning I.Ahmet Turkish-Hungarian War. With the Don and Volga rivers Suez canal project which aims to combine an enterprise architecture with the death of the Ottoman Empire Sokullu'nun 1579'daki has received a large wound. Especially III.Murat's son III.Mehmet 's (1595-1604), government affairs to his mother, leaving the Ottomans XVII of the withdrawal of a corner. was a harbinger of more bad years nearly century can expect.